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Conditions we treat
You may benefit from seeing an MFM specialist if you have any of the following conditions, pregnancy complications, or concerns about your baby's development.
Pregnancy complication
High-risk pregnancy
A pregnancy is considered high-risk when there are factors that increase the likelihood of complications for the mother, the baby, or both. This does not mean a complication will occur — it means closer monitoring and specialist input are needed to give you the best possible outcome.
High-risk pregnancies may arise from a previous obstetric history, a pre-existing maternal condition, or a complication that develops during the current pregnancy. We work with you to identify risks early and build a personalised management plan that evolves as your pregnancy progresses.
If your obstetrician has referred you for specialist review, or if you have concerns about your own pregnancy, a consultation with us will give you a clear picture of your situation and what to expect.
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Fetal condition
Fetal anomaly detected
A fetal anomaly is a structural difference in your baby's development identified on ultrasound. These can range from minor variations that require no intervention, to significant conditions that need careful planning and specialist management before and after birth.
Receiving this news can be frightening. Our role is to provide a detailed, expert assessment of what has been found, what it means for your baby, and what options are available to you. Every anomaly is different, and so is every family's situation.
Depending on what is identified, management may involve additional imaging, genetic testing, consultation with paediatric specialists, or planning for delivery at a centre with appropriate neonatal support.
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Pregnancy type
Twin or multiple pregnancy
Twin and higher-order multiple pregnancies carry a higher risk of complications than singleton pregnancies. The type of twins — whether they share a placenta (monochorionic) or have separate placentas (dichorionic) — significantly affects the level of monitoring required.
Monochorionic twins in particular require specialist surveillance for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a serious condition in which blood flow between twins becomes imbalanced. Early detection and timely intervention are critical in these cases.
We provide structured monitoring programmes for multiple pregnancies, with scan frequency and management intensity tailored to the specific type and risk profile of your pregnancy.
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Maternal medical condition
Diabetes in pregnancy
Diabetes in pregnancy — whether pre-existing type 1 or type 2, or gestational diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy — requires careful management to protect both mother and baby. Poorly controlled blood sugar increases the risk of fetal overgrowth, preterm birth, stillbirth, and a range of neonatal complications.
Pre-existing diabetes requires specialist input from early pregnancy, as the first trimester is particularly critical for fetal development. Gestational diabetes, which typically develops in the second trimester, requires prompt diagnosis and management to reduce risks in the third trimester and at delivery.
We work collaboratively with your endocrinologist and obstetric team to provide coordinated, specialist care throughout your pregnancy.
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Maternal medical condition
Hypertension in pregnancy
High blood pressure during pregnancy takes several forms — chronic hypertension that pre-dates the pregnancy, gestational hypertension that develops after 20 weeks, and pre-eclampsia, the most serious form, which involves both high blood pressure and signs of organ involvement.
Pre-eclampsia can progress rapidly and, if unmanaged, can be life-threatening for both mother and baby. Early identification through preeclampsia screening in the first trimester allows for preventive treatment with low-dose aspirin, significantly reducing risk.
We provide preeclampsia screening, close surveillance for at-risk pregnancies, and specialist management when hypertensive complications arise.
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Fetal condition
Fetal growth restriction
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) occurs when a baby is not growing at the expected rate in the womb. It is one of the most common reasons for referral to a maternal-fetal medicine specialist and, when undetected, is a leading cause of stillbirth.
FGR is diagnosed through serial ultrasound measurements and Doppler blood flow assessment of the umbilical cord and fetal vessels. The pattern and severity of the Doppler findings guide decisions about timing and mode of delivery.
Management depends on the gestational age at diagnosis, the severity of the growth restriction, and the Doppler findings. We provide expert assessment and a structured surveillance plan, with clear guidance on when intervention is needed.
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Obstetric history
Previous preterm delivery
Women who have previously delivered before 37 weeks are at significantly increased risk of preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies. The earlier the previous birth, the higher the risk in the next pregnancy.
Specialist input from early in the pregnancy is important. Cervical length surveillance by ultrasound is the cornerstone of preterm risk assessment, and interventions such as cervical cerclage or progesterone supplementation can significantly reduce the risk of recurrence.
We provide structured preterm prevention programmes for women with a previous preterm delivery, tailoring the monitoring schedule and any interventions to your specific history.
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Assisted conception
IVF pregnancy
Pregnancies conceived through in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) and other assisted reproductive technologies carry a modestly increased risk of certain complications, including placental problems, preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction.
Multiple pregnancy — twins or triplets — is more common following IVF and significantly increases obstetric risk. Even singleton IVF pregnancies benefit from a specialist review to ensure appropriate surveillance is in place.
We welcome patients who have conceived through assisted reproduction and provides a clear assessment of any additional monitoring that may be appropriate for their specific pregnancy.
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Maternal medical condition
Other medical conditions in pregnancy
A wide range of maternal medical conditions can complicate pregnancy and require specialist co-management. These include autoimmune disorders such as lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome, thyroid disease, cardiac conditions, renal disease, and haematological conditions.
The interaction between pregnancy and chronic illness is complex and varies significantly between conditions and individuals. Some conditions improve during pregnancy, others worsen, and some medications safe outside pregnancy require careful review.
We work in collaboration with your existing specialist team to provide coordinated obstetric care that accounts for your specific medical history and current condition.
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